TGFB1 and neoplasm: During tumor progression, EpCAM undergoes crosstalk with many pivotal signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, TGF-β/SMAD, EpEX/EGFR, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and p53, to induce biological changes in cancer cells [15–18], which are detailed in the following sections.