The four studies [12–15] examining the effects of parity on the LFD of unhealthy women [ie; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), defect in protease-inhibitor (Pi), certains chronic conditions (COPD, asthma, endometriosis, ovarian diseases)] or a mixed population of healthy/unhealthy women also reported opposing outcomes (Table 2). This evidence concerns the gene SERPINA13P and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.