Quantitatively, the Cx43 expression level showed a tendency to decrease in MSA at Stage I compared with that in controls (control versus Stage I, p = 0.0574) and was significantly increased in MSA at Stages II and III compared with that in control specimens (control versus Stage II, p < 0.001 and control versus Stage III, p < 0.001) (Figure 4R). Here, GJA1 is linked to multiple system atrophy.