TNF and respiratory system disorder: 2021). TNF-α may increase the expression of manganese SOD (Pogrebniak et al. 1991). Numerous studies report that IL-1, IL-6, TGF-β, TNF-α and ROS are mediators of deregulated inflammation and are implicated in respiratory disorder pathogenesis in lung injury models (Teixeira et al. 2008; Kilic et al. 2014; Khazri et al. 2016; Zhou et al. 2019; Karamalakova et al. 2022). In respiratory disease, mast cell degranulation increases IL-6 and TNF-α levels and immune cell numbers, which causes inflammation and impaired immune cell recruitment (Yang et al. 2019).