ADAM9 and glioblastoma: Interestingly, MME, MMP2, MMP3, MMP7, MMP12, ADAM9, and ADAM12 were known to be upregulated in radioresistant GBMs, while sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1) phosphorylates sphingosine to produce sphingosine-1-phosphate, which promotes GBM invasiveness [40] and, on the other hand, overexpression of sphingosine kinase 1 enhances MV replication [41].