Li et al. [24] found that Th1 and Tc1 cells produced type 1 cytokines (IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ), while Th2 and Tc2 cells secreted type 2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13) after EV71 infection, and that the percentage of Th1/Tc1 cells and the percentage of Th1/Th2 cells were significantly higher in HFMD patients compared to healthy individuals. Here, TNF is linked to hand, foot and mouth disease.