High intrathecal concentrations of IL-5, a Th2 cytokine that is associated with a pattern of cytokine responses that is unfavorable in viral infections, as well as the lack of obvious CSF/serum ratio in the concentration in IFN-γ and IL-2 as signature Th1 cytokines, suggests that polarization towards Th2 responses contributes to the pathogenesis of TBE. Here, NELFCD is linked to tick-borne encephalitis.