PADI4 and hepatocellular carcinoma: Notably, the overexpression of PAD4 in HCC cells induced autophagy, making these cancer cells resistant to a harsh microenvironment and chemotherapy, while autophagy inhibitors effectively restored the sensitivity of HCC cells to chemotherapy in vivo and in vitro [243], suggesting that PAD4 enhances HCC cell chemoresistance by inducing autophagy.