TNF and diabetes mellitus: Moreover, prebiotics have been demonstrated to inhibit intestinal α-glucosidase, α-amylase and glucose transporters, improve insulin resistance, glycogen synthesis and gluconeogenesis, affect the AMPK pathway in the liver and reduce the inflammatory status associated with diabetes and reduce circulating lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).