Chemical coupling of a polyspecific integrin-binding peptide (PIP) with the TLR9 agonist CpG to form PIP-CpG was found to induce tumor regression and enhance therapeutic efficacy with systemic delivery of PIP-CpG compared to non-targeted CpG in invasive mouse models of breast and pancreatic cancer [136]. This evidence concerns the gene TLR9 and neoplasm.