S100A9 and inflammatory bowel disease: We provide new lines of evidence that EHW consumption: (1) significantly suppressed an increase in the inflammatory response, including cytokine levels and inflammatory cell infiltration induced by TNBS treatment; (2) suppressed the elevation of oxidative stress following persistent colitis; (3) reduced the increased level of IBD clinical biomarker S100A9; and (4) alleviated abdominal pain.