PARP1 and lung cancer: Overall, the in vitro studies presented above and in Table 2 show that treatment of lung cancer cells with UA results in inhibition of proliferation, induction of apoptosis and autophagy through inhibition of Akt, NF-kB and mTOR; increased LC3-II/LC-3-I ratio; and increased cleavage of caspase 3/7 and PARP (Figure 2).