SCFA such as butyrate and valerate have been shown to decrease total cholesterol and the expression of mRNA associated with fatty acid synthase and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c, to enhance mRNA expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1α (CPT-1α) in liver [56,57], as well as to ameliorate arteriosclerosis via ABCA1-mediates cholesterol efflux in macrophages [58]. The gene discussed is CPT1A; the disease is arteriosclerosis.