In the final multivariable logistic regression, the predictors for CSA-AKI included age, sex, race, cardiac surgery type, history of cardiac arrhythmia, peripheral vascular disease, hypertension with and without complications, liver disease, coagulopathy, obesity, right ventricular systolic pressure, systolic blood pressure, the use of aspirin, beta-blockers, anti-arrhythmic medications, benzodiazepine, vasopressor/inotropes, insulin, serum sodium, albumin, hemoglobin, and eGFR. Here, INS is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.