IGF1 and neoplasm: Therefore, in addition to individual patient and tumor characteristics, clinical markers such as the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, insulin-like growth factor-I and its binding protein, insulin-like growth factor-I binding protein-2 and -3, the platelet-lymphocyte ratio [44,45,46], molecular markers such as molecular subtypes, circulating tumor cells, and DNA damage repair-gene defects are also used to predict the prognosis of UC [47,48,49].