AFP and hepatocellular carcinoma: Another modality is the utilization of vaccine-based treatment for the enhancement of T-cell response, which is impaired in cases of infected HCC patients, such as AFP-based HCC vaccine, which was tested on HBV- and HCV-related HCC patients, as well as a dendritic cell-based vaccine (DC vaccine) as an adjuvant, which is studied in a phase II trial for patients with resected HCC [92].