TNF and neoplasm: Furthermore, the TME also consists of various immunosuppressive factors released by all cell types within the tumor to support its growth, progression, and malignancy, such as prostaglandin E2 [561], adenosine [562], NF-κB, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) [563], tumor-associated gangliosides [564], immunosuppressive cytokines (for example TGF-β [565], IL-8 [566], and others [567].