Using a 3D NSCLC model, IR with a dose of 5 Gy has been found to increase the growth of tumor tissue analogs containing CSCs and enhance the expression of cytokines (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed, and secreted, epithelial-neutrophil activating peptide, and TGF-α) and factors (MMP, vimentin, and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)) [369]. This evidence concerns the gene VIM and neoplasm.