TNF and familial dilated cardiomyopathy: It is well-established that pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), are produced by different etiologies of DCM, including iDCM, ICM and familial DCM [17,19,20].