JAK2 and esophageal cancer: In particular, studies regarding pristimerin, which downregulates CDKN1B; matrine, which activates the Bid-mediated mitochondrial pathway; Fructus forsythia, which activates Bcl-2 and downregulates JAK/STAT3 and ERK signaling pathways; and lactoferrin, which inactivates the phosphorylation of JAK2/STAT3/Erk/AKT proteins were administrated at a low concentration of 1 mg/mL or less, and both in vivo and in vitro studies were conducted, illustrating their potential to be utilized as lead compounds in treating esophageal cancer.