VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: In addition, ADM has been shown to reduce the expression of endothelial dysfunction biomarkers such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and inflammatory factors in lymphatic endothelium and VEGF-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells [112,113].