PNPLA3 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: For instance, in a cross-sectional study of 157 middle-aged Italian patients with T2D who underwent liver ultrasonography and vibration-controlled transient elastography for the diagnosis and staging of NAFLD, Mantovani et al. reported that the presence of rs738409 C > G p.I148M in the PNPLA3 gene was closely associated with lower eGFR levels and a higher risk of CKD (adjusted odds ratio (OR), 6.65; 95% CI 1.65–26.8), even after adjusting for common renal risk factors and liver disease severity [53].