Chronic effects of TNF-α and IL-1β on ECs associated with αSyn deposition and observed in PD patients and in animal models [262] cause NF-κB and AP-1 activation, and increased expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, creating the basis for further neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration [260]. The gene discussed is ICAM1; the disease is Parkinson disease.