In addition, the expression of phosphorylated (p)ERK1/2, VEGF, VEGFR2, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) was downregulated when metformin was used as a cotreatment with cisplatin, whereas Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and caspase-3 expression was significantly upregulated, demonstrating that metformin in combination with cisplatin significantly improved the cisplatin response, inhibiting ERK1/2 activation by VEGF and VEGFR2 downregulation in ovarian cancer cells [67]. Here, MAPK3 is linked to ovarian cancer.