These results confirm PCA observations and indicate that BLECs are sensible to TNFα levels in plasma of both healthy donors and IBD patients, which in turn likely modulate expression of ICAM-1, claudin-5 and claudin-3 while not influencing permeability, at least under the tested conditions (Figure 2B, Supplementary Figure S1B–G). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and inflammatory bowel disease.