TNF and inflammatory bowel disease: After the effects of pioglitazone on TNFα-treated BLECs had been thoroughly investigated, we revisited our initial patient screening data aiming to verify whether it would be possible to investigate the effects of pioglitazone on BBB parameters when under stimulation by a sum of peripheral inflammatory factors found in IBD patient plasma, not limited to TNFα, and corroborating the mechanisms evidenced thus far under a proof of concept.