Due to stimulation of cholangiocytes′ proliferation by GLP-1, GLP-1 analogues and DPP-4 inhibitors used in the management of T2DM increase the risk of gallbladder and bile duct diseases such as cholangitis, cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, and gallbladder cancer [39]. Here, DPP4 is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.