TNF and prostate cancer: In prostate cancer, evidence showed that the CA phenethyl ester can block NF-κB activation in prostate cancer-3 (PC-3) cells by inhibiting the ability of the Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and Paclitaxel to activate NF-κB; however, this action is also linked to lower cellular levels of apoptosis-inhibiting proteins (cIAP1, cIAP-2, and XIAP), and the downregulation of elevated levels of spontaneous apoptosis and cIAP-1 expression [33].