To validate the role of Gal-1 causing a therapeutic resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Gal-1 using our scL nanocomplex was tested in combination with anti-PD-1 therapy in a metastatic LL/2-luc tumor model in C57BL/6 mice (Figure S3). Here, PDCD1 is linked to neoplasm.