KRAS and lung carcinoma: Mechanistically, Berberine treatment in lung cancer cell lines (i) inhibited the expression of HOX antisense intergenic RNA (HOTAIR), a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), which shows a strong correlation with metastasis, drug resistance, and shortened overall survival of lung cancer patients and (ii) enhanced the expression of miR-34a-5p, a tumor-suppressive miRNA that suppresses the expression of several oncogenes, such as KRAS and c-MYC, to prevent and reverse tumorigenesis.