TP53 and neoplasm: The influence of cAMP on tumor progression, the mitochondria and the transcription of oncogenes, including p53, is extensive with the accumulation of cAMP resulting in increased downstream pathway activity including the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) pathway [19,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46].