HMGB1 and cancer: Consequently, due to PPV possessing antiproliferative effects, through the disruption of cAMP, PI3K/Akt/mTOR and the HMGB1/RAGE pathways, which may lead to the induction of aberrant cell cycle abnormalities possibly culminating in apoptosis, it has been suggested that PPV may be a beneficial compound to explore for use in anti-cancer studies [6,27,28,29,36,53,62].