Paracrine-secreted plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) from CDDP-treated CAFs activated the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and suppressed caspase-3-mediated apoptosis, thereby promoting CDDP resistance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [73]. Here, SERPINE1 is linked to esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.