SDC1 and cholesteryl ester measurement: Additionally, a subgroup analysis of two studies disclosed that severe CE (defined as ≥50 ESPCs in 10 HPFs) was associated with poor reproductive outcomes (OPR/LBR: OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.25–0.74, p = 0.003, and CPR: OR = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.24–0.68, p = 0.0007) compared to mild CE (defined as 10–40 CD138(+) ESPCs in 10 HPFs), but again, without any difference in the MR.