TNF and systemic lupus erythematosus: In this regard, increased urinary excretion of cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interferon-γ 10-induced protein (IP-10), and IL-10 were reported in patients with sepsis [16], acute interstitial nephritis [17], diabetic nephropathy [18], and systemic lupus erythematosus [19].