Concerning the TLR9-autophagy linkage in murine DSS-colitis, we have demonstrated for the first time that the final, sometimes beneficial effect of iv administered cfDNA on the autophagy response, depends on two factors: i., the origin of the cfDNA (i.e., inflammatory or non-inflammatory) and ii., the local immunobiological milieu (i.e., inflammatory or not), as well [188]. Here, TLR9 is linked to colitis.