MAPK3 and melanoma: PKCα is regarded as a potential therapeutic target for melanoma because it increases melanoma cell invasion by activating the AKT/ERK1/2 axis [317] or, in an αvβ3-dependent manner [318], increases cell proliferation by enhancing the G1 to S transition [319], and it increases melanoma vascularization in a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR1)-independent manner [320].