Among the dysregulated mRNAs in ccRCC samples compared to normal renal tissue samples, 2474 genes (959 up- and 1515 downregulated) were in common between VHL-associated and sporadic ccRCC, representing 71% and 81% of total dysregulated mRNAs in the two groups of samples, respectively [137]. Here, VHL is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.