We have previously developed a simple model of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) evolution dictated by prostate cancer stem cell dynamics that was calibrated to the longitudinal prostate-specific antigen (PSA) from 70 biochemically recurrent prostate cancer patients undergoing intermittent androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) [15] and 16 mCRPC patients undergoing adaptive AA in the pilot study [16]. Here, KLK3 is linked to prostate carcinoma.