CDA found 14 markers that differentiate individuals with HCC from individuals with cirrhosis, including CCL18, DEFA1, ITGAM, ARTN, REG1A, CD40, EN-RAGE, LAP/TGF-B1, PDL1, as well as serpin family a member 7 (SERPINA 7), caspase 8 (CASP 8), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23), interleukin-7 (IL-7), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Here, FGF23 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.