In advanced stages of AD, brain samples from patients show significant nitration and lipoxidation of ATP synthase, as well as oxidative alterations of aldolase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), α-enolase, and phosphoglycerate mutase 1 (PGAM1) [13,51,52]. Here, PGAM1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.