Moreover, extracellular α-syn accumulation exerts neurotoxicity in PD models activating microglia with the involvement of several pathways triggered by the activation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) [83,84]. Here, AKT1 is linked to Parkinson disease.