In addition to a role in PI3K/AKT signaling, evidence from the cancer field indicates that NDRG1 can also modulate the TGFβ/SMAD and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK axes, inhibit NF-κB and the ErbB receptors, suppress sonic hedgehog and modulate the phosphorylation of Cbl-b31,69, Cbl-b itself associated with maintenance of B and T cell tolerance70,71. This evidence concerns the gene NDRG1 and cancer.