Of all ligands evaluated, MSCs treated with TLR3 ligand poly I:C, of all ligands evaluated, resulted in greater production of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a clinically relevant therapeutic factor, and attenuated pathology in a mouse model of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induced colitis [82]. The gene discussed is TLR3; the disease is colitis.