AKT1 and Insulin resistance: The same study also indicated that anthocyanin pretreatment was able to limit IRS-1 serine phosphorylation and elevate tyrosine phosphorylation, as well as restore P13K/Akt axis signaling altered by insulin resistance, increase Akt and eNOS phosphorylation, and restore inhibitory kappa-B kinase β (IKKβ) and Jun-N terminal kinase (JNK); these protective effects occurred via the activation of Nrf2.