Previous studies demonstrated that the activation of the AMPK pathway by exendin-4 was also involved in the process of attenuating cardiac hypertrophy [30], protecting against hyperglycemia-induced cardiomyocyte pyrotosis [31] and protecting endothelial cells from lipoapoptosis [32], which may also contribute to the effect of exendin-4 on protecting cardiovascular function. The gene discussed is PRKAA1; the disease is cardiac hypertrophy.