For example, basal expression of S100B is known to be neuroprotective195, but increased expression often correlates with disease states including multiple cancers such as malignant melanoma and colorectal cancer,8 as well as brain injury, neurodegenerative diseases and neuropathies like Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, mood disorders196, and schizophrenia.197 Similarly, S100A1 enhances muscle contraction in cardiac and skeletal muscle, but decreased S100A1 is associated with heart failure170,198–199. This evidence concerns the gene S100A1 and neurodegenerative disease.