TLR4 and Alzheimer disease: Trilobatin is reported to improve cognitive impairment, reduce activated microglia and astrocytes with decreasing Iba-1 and GFAP expression, and inhibit the secretion of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in the hippocampus from APP/PS1 and triple-transgenic-induced AD mice through the down-regulation of HMGB1, TLR4, MyD88, TRAF6 and p-p65 (142, 143).