TNF and Cognitive impairment: Moreover, isoliquiritigenin is also reported to improve cognitive impairment, decrease TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-18 secretion, and suppress the activation of microglia and astrocytes in hippocampus from kainic acid-induced seizures rats through inhibiting cleaved-Caspase-3, cleaved-Caspase-9, and NLRP3 expression, and enhancing Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 production (137).