PDCD1 and neoplasm: The operation time for the neoadjuvant immunotherapy group was slightly longer than for the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group, which could be due to: 1) the small number of patients included in the study (which could create bias); and 2) killing tumor cells with PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor requires antigen presentation by the tumor cells, which can then be recognized by the host T-cells.