By the way, prior studies have demonstrated that activation of type-1 Ang-II receptors leads to CREB phosphorylation throughout a signaling pathway involving PI3K/AKT and Erk1/2, which results in cardiac hypertrophy and associated fibrosis (Cammarota et al., 2002; Sahar et al., 2007; Shanmugam et al., 2011). Here, MAPK3 is linked to cardiac hypertrophy.