However, new research associated with AD mentioned a potential mechanism that peripheral surgery inducing cognitive impairment may be through the disruption of nasal epithelium and olfactory receptor neurons by the increasing level of IL-6 after surgery (Zhang et al., 2022), but the sequence of disruption of nasal epithelium, olfactory receptor neurons, and cognitive impairment was not strictly discovered, which indicated that peripheral trauma inducing cognitive impairment through the disruption of BBB caused by systematic inflammation may still be the most probable theory in the field. Here, IL6 is linked to Cognitive impairment.