INS and metabolic syndrome: While absence of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus in this cohort could be verified by traditional glucose testing, higher basal fasting insulin >10 uIU/ml, higher 4-hour insulin AUC ~16,000-17,000 uIU/ml min and two-fold increases in plasma insulin: glucose ratio suggested there is some notable degree of insulin resistance within participants with incomplete metabolic syndrome criteria or meeting criteria for ISI-cal scoring in this cohort (37, 38).