ACE and diabetes mellitus: Both the Pers AF and Paro AF patients had higher CHA2DS2-VASc Scores, higher prevalence of Hypertension and diabetes mellitus (DM), and higher percents of medication use including anticoagulant, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II-receptor blocker (ACEI/ARB), calcium channel blocker (CCB) and statin.